General English Notes by Sahil Sharifdin Bhat JKBOSE. Class 11th. Hornbill & Snapshots.

General English Notes by Sahil Sharifdin Bhat 

JKBOSE. Class 11th. Hornbill & Snapshots.

Lesson No. 1  

THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY

[ Khushwant Singh]

Textual Questions

Understanding the Text

Q. No. 1 Mention the three phases of the author’s relationship with his grandmother before he left the country to study abroad.

Ans: The author's relationship with his grandmother passed through three different phases. In his childhood, she looked after him, helped him get ready and accompanied him to the village school. During his boyhood, they moved to the city. He travelled to school by bus while she stayed at home and shared a room with him. In his early youth, he joined university and got a separate room. Their daily activities became different and they spent less time together. However, their love and respect for each other remained strong.

Q. No. 2 Mention three reasons why the author’s grandmother was disturbed when he started going to the city school.

Ans: The grandmother was unhappy when the author started going to the city school for three main reasons. First, she disliked the modern education system because it taught science and other subjects but ignored religious teachings. Second, she was upset that the school did not teach about God and the holy scriptures. She felt that religious education was very important for children. Third, she disliked music lessons because she believed that music was not meant for respectable people. According to her, it was mainly associated with beggars and low-class people.

Q. No. 3 Mention three ways in which the author’s grandmother spent her days after he grew up.

Ans: After the author grew up and became busy with his studies, his grandmother spent most of her time alone. She accepted her loneliness without complaining. She remained busy with her religious activities and household work. She spent a large part of the day sitting at her spinning wheel and reciting prayers. In the afternoon, she would feed the sparrows in the courtyard. Hundreds of sparrows gathered around her and ate from her hands. These activities gave her happiness and kept her busy during the later years of her life.

Q. No. 4 Mention the odd ways in which the author’s grandmother behaved just before she died.

Ans: Just before her death, the grandmother behaved in a way that surprised everyone. She stopped talking to her family and refused to waste her time on ordinary conversations. She told them that her end was near and that she wanted to spend her remaining time praying. She also stopped doing her usual activities. She lay peacefully in bed with her prayer beads in her hands. She continued praying until she became unconscious. These actions showed her deep faith in God and her peaceful acceptance of death.

Q. No. 5 Mention the way in which the sparrows expressed their sorrow when the author’s grandmother died.

Ans: The sparrows expressed their sorrow in a strange and touching way when the grandmother died. Thousands of sparrows gathered around her body and sat silently. They did not chirp or make any noise as they usually did. The author's mother threw bread crumbs for them, but they did not touch the food. They seemed to be mourning the death of their beloved friend. When the grandmother's body was taken away for the funeral, the sparrows quietly flew away. Their silence showed their deep connection with her.

TALKING ABOUT THE TEXT

Talk to your partner about the following:

Q. No. 1 The author’s grandmother was a religious person. What are the different ways in which we come to know this?

Ans: The author's grandmother was a deeply religious woman. She spent most of her time praying and remembering God. She visited the temple every morning and read the holy scriptures. She also carried her prayer beads and continued praying while doing her daily work. She disliked the city school because it did not teach religious subjects. Even when the author grew up and became busy with his studies, she never gave up her religious routine. Before her death, she stopped talking and spent her final moments praying to God.

Q. No. 2 Describe the changing relationship between the author and his grandmother. Did their feelings for each other change?

Ans: The relationship between the author and his grandmother changed with time because of his growing age and education. During his childhood, they were very close. She looked after him and accompanied him to school. Later, when they moved to the city, she could no longer help him with his studies. Their daily activities became different when he joined university and got a separate room. They spent less time together but their love never changed. She kissed him goodbye when he went abroad and celebrated his return with great joy.

Q. No. 3 Would you agree that the author’s grandmother was a person strong in character? If yes, give instances that show this.

Ans: Yes, the author's grandmother was a woman of strong character. She had firm beliefs and followed them throughout her life. She was deeply religious and never gave up her daily prayers. She accepted the changes in her relationship with her grandson without complaining. Even when she felt lonely, she remained calm and busy with her prayers and spinning wheel. She was also kind and caring towards animals, especially the sparrows. Before her death, she calmly accepted her final moments and chose to spend her time praying to God.

Q. No. 4 Have you known someone like the author’s grandmother? Do you feel the same sense of loss with regard to someone whom you have loved and lost?

Ans: Yes, I have known someone like the author's grandmother. My grandfather was a loving and caring person who always guided me. He taught me discipline and helped me with my studies. He always wanted me to become a good and responsible person. Unfortunately, he passed away while I was abroad. His death left a deep emptiness in my life. I still remember his advice and the valuable lessons he taught me. Although he is no longer with me, his portrait reminds me of his love and inspires me to remain strong. 

Character sketch of the grandmother 

The narrator’s grandmother was a true picture of love, affection, and care. She had all the virtues that grandmothers generally have for their grandchildren. She was highly religious, kind-hearted, but a conservative lady. The grandmother presented a picture of peace and contentment. Her spotless white dress and silver hair reflected her spiritual beauty.  

She had deep love and affection for her grandson. She got him ready for school, accompanied him there, stayed at the school, and returned home with him in the evenings. She was very religious and always told the beads of her rosary. She had compassion even for animals and birds. She fed the village dogs and, in the city, took to feeding the sparrows.  

However, the grandmother was deeply conservative. She didn’t like the English language or Science and hated music, associating it with prostitutes and beggars. To conclude, she was an affectionate, caring, loving, but very old-fashioned grandmother. 

***** # *****

‘’What you seek is seeking you.’’

[Mawlana Jalal-al-Din Rumi ]

Lesson 2 

A PHOTOGRAPH

[Shirley Toulson 1924-2018] 

THINK IT OUT 

Q1. What does the word ‘cardboard’ denote in the poem? Why has this word been used?  

Ans: The word cardboard refers to the thick paper on which the photograph is pasted. It was a common way to preserve photos in the past.  

Q2. What has the camera captured?  

Ans: The camera captured the poetess’s mother with her cousins, Betty and Dolly, in swimming dresses, holding hands, and walking barefoot in the sea.  

Q3. What has not changed over the years? Does this suggest something to you?  

Ans: The sea has not changed; its waves remain fresh and tireless. This shows how nature is eternal, unlike the aging faces of humans.  

Q4. The poetess’s mother laughed at the snapshot? What did this laugh indicate?  

Ans: The laugh showed her joy in recalling a carefree moment from her youth.  

Q5. What is the meaning of the line “Both wry with the laboured ease of loss”?  

Ans: The sea holiday and the mother’s laughter are happy memories but also bring a painful sense of loss. They are bittersweet to recall.  

Q6. What does ‘this circumstance’ refer to?  

Ans: It refers to the death of the poetess’s mother.  

Q7. The three stanzas depict three different phases. What are they?  

Ans:  

A] The girlhood of the poetess’s mother.  

B] Her middle age during the poetess’s childhood.  

C] The time after the mother’s death.  

*** # ***

A real friend is one who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.

[Walter Winchell]

Lesson No 3

We Are Not Afraid To Die ... If We Can All Be Together

[Gordon cook and Alan East]

Textual Questions

Understanding the Text

Q. No. 1 List the steps taken by the captain:\

[I] to protect the ship when rough weather began\

[II] to check the flooding of the water in the ship

Ans: To protect the ship, the captain dropped the storm jib and slowed it down. He secured the ropes and double-lashed everything. He also carried out a life-raft drill and made everyone wear life jackets. To control the flooding, he covered the damaged areas with canvas and waterproof hatch covers. He used hand pumps to remove the water. When the pumps stopped working, he found another electric pump and connected it to pump the water out.

Q. No. 2 Describe the mental condition of the voyagers on 4th and 5th January.

Ans: On 4th January, the voyagers felt some relief after working hard for 36 hours to pump out the water. They managed to reduce the water level and had their first meal in almost two days. However, their happiness did not last long. On 5th January, the weather became worse again. Huge waves and strong winds made their situation dangerous. Everyone was tired, worried and under great mental stress. They still tried to remain hopeful and save their lives.

Q. No. 3 Describe the shifts in the narration of the events as indicated in the three sections of the text. Give a subtitle to each section.

Ans: The first section describes the beginning of the voyage. The family is excited and confident as they sail towards their destination. The second section focuses on the terrible storm and their struggle to keep the ship safe. It shows their courage, teamwork and determination. The third section describes their final struggle and the discovery of Amsterdam Island. This brings hope and relief to everyone. The following subtitles can be given:

Section 1 – A Promising Voyage\

Section 2 – A Fight for Survival\

Section 3 – Hope and Rescue

Talking About the Text

Discuss the following questions with your partner.

Q. No. 1 What difference did you notice between the reaction of the adults and the children when faced with danger?

Ans: The adults were deeply worried because they understood how serious the danger was. They tried to control the situation and worked hard to save the ship. The children also faced fear and pain but showed great courage and maturity. They did not create panic or complain unnecessarily. Jon even said that they were not afraid of dying if they could all be together. Their reaction shows that children can sometimes show remarkable strength and courage during difficult situations.

Q. No. 2 How does the story suggest that optimism helps to “endure the direst stress”?

Ans: The story shows that optimism gives people the strength to face even the most difficult situations. During the storm, the voyagers were tired, injured and frightened. However, they did not lose hope. The captain continued trying to repair the ship and pump out the water. His family also supported him throughout the struggle. Their positive attitude helped them remain strong and work together. The story teaches us that hope and courage can help people endure great suffering and face danger without giving up.

Q. No. 3 What lessons do we learn from such hazardous experiences when we are face to face with death?

Ans: Such dangerous experiences teach us many important lessons about life. They show us the value of courage, patience and self-confidence. We learn that difficult situations should be faced with a calm mind and a strong will. We should not lose hope even when everything seems to be going against us. Teamwork and support from others also help us overcome serious problems. The story teaches us that fear is natural but we must not allow it to control us. Courage and determination help us face the toughest challenges.

Q. No. 4 Why do you think people undertake such adventurous expeditions in spite of the risks involved?

Ans: People undertake adventurous expeditions because they want to explore new places and experience something different. Such journeys give them excitement and a chance to test their courage and abilities. Some people also want to achieve great goals and discover what they are capable of doing. Although these adventures involve danger, they offer valuable experiences and lessons. People learn to face difficulties, work with others and become more confident. For many adventurers, the desire to explore and achieve something special is stronger than the fear of taking risks.

Character sketch of the narrator  

The narrator was an adventurous man who loved living life to the fullest. Facing danger boldly was his passion. Married with two children, he set sail from Plymouth, England, to replicate Captain James Cook’s round-the-world voyage. A 37-year-old businessman, he and his wife, Mary, and their kids, Jonathan and Suzanne, spent 16 years practicing seafaring skills before preparing their boat, Wavewalker. As a brave captain, he showed what perseverance and dedication can achieve.  

During the voyage, an explosion shook the ship, injuring him badly when a wave hit, throwing him overboard. He thought he was dying, seeing his boat flooded and sinking. Despite accepting death, his love for his family drove him to fight for their survival, eventually bringing them to safety. His children showed the same courage as him. In short, he was a true hero. 

***# ***

“Teachers can open the door, but you must enter it yourself.”

— Chinese proverb

Lesson No 4

DISCOVERING TUT: THE SAGA CONTINUES

[A.R. Williams] 

Textual Questions

Q.No. 1 Give reasons for the following:

I] King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny.

Ans: King Tut’s mummy has been subjected to repeated scrutiny because of the mystery surrounding his life, death and young age. He became famous for the treasures found in his tomb. However, the exact cause of his death remained unknown for many years. Researchers wanted to know how he died and whether he suffered from any disease or injury. Therefore, modern scientists and archaeologists examined his mummy several times. They used different scientific methods to discover more about his life and death.

II] Howard Carter’s investigation was resented.

Ans: Howard Carter’s investigation was resented because he used unscientific methods while examining King Tut’s tomb. He was mainly interested in finding and collecting the treasures buried with the king. He also damaged the mummy while trying to separate it from the coffin. The hardened resins had firmly attached the body to the coffin. Instead of using careful scientific methods, Carter used hot knives and other tools to remove it. His careless approach was criticised by later researchers and archaeologists.

III] Carter had to chisel away the solidified resins to raise the king’s remains.

Ans: When Howard Carter opened King Tut’s coffin, he found that the king’s body was firmly stuck to its bottom. The resins used during the mummification process had become hard and solid over time. They had firmly attached the mummy to the coffin. Carter first tried to loosen the body using different methods but failed. Finally, he had to chisel away the hardened resins to raise the king’s remains. The process was difficult and caused damage to the mummy.

IV] Tut’s body was buried along with gilded treasures.

Ans: The ancient Egyptians believed that life continued even after death. They thought that a dead person would need different things in the next world. Therefore, they buried their kings with valuable objects and other useful items. King Tut’s body was also buried with many gilded treasures, including golden objects, jewellery, furniture and other precious things. These objects were believed to help him enjoy a comfortable life in the afterlife. They also showed the wealth and royal status of the young king.

V] The boy king changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun.

Ans: King Tut changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun after becoming the ruler of Egypt. His earlier name was connected with Aten, the sun god worshipped by his predecessor Akhenaten. Akhenaten had introduced the worship of Aten and tried to remove the influence of other Egyptian gods. However, Tut wanted to restore the old religious traditions of Egypt. He changed his name to show his support for Amun, an important Egyptian god. His new name reflected the return of the traditional religious beliefs.

Q. No. 2

(i) List the deeds that led Ray Johnson to describe Akhenaten as ‘wacky’.

Ans: Akhenaten was described as ‘wacky’ by Ray Johnson because of his unusual religious and political actions. He introduced the worship of Aten as the main god of Egypt and tried to remove the influence of other gods. He changed his own name from Amenhotep to Akhenaten. He also shifted the capital of Egypt from Thebes to a new city called Amarna. He closed the temples of Amun and ordered the destruction of his images. These strange and extreme actions made Ray Johnson describe him as ‘wacky’.

(ii) What were the results of the CT scan? [Important Question]

Ans: The CT scan of King Tut’s mummy was carried out in 2005. It produced around 1,700 digital images of his body. These images helped scientists examine the mummy in great detail without causing further damage. The scan showed that Tut’s skull was normal and there was no evidence of a major head injury. It also revealed some details about his bones and physical condition. The results helped researchers understand his body better. However, the exact cause of his death remained uncertain.

(iii) List the advances in technology that have improved forensic analysis.

Ans: Modern technology has greatly improved forensic analysis and helped scientists examine ancient bodies more carefully. Earlier, researchers mainly depended on physical examinations and ordinary X-rays. Today, they can use advanced methods such as CT scans, digital imaging, autopsies and biopsies. These techniques help them study bones, organs and other parts of the body in detail. They can also identify injuries, diseases and possible causes of death. Such scientific advances allow researchers to investigate historical mysteries without causing unnecessary damage to ancient remains.

(iv) Explain the statement, “King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned—in death as in life.”

Ans: This statement means that King Tut received special attention through modern scanning technology even after his death. During his lifetime, he was an Egyptian king and enjoyed great importance. After his death, his mummy continued to attract the attention of historians, archaeologists and scientists. His body was examined through X-rays in 1968. Later, in 2005, a CT scan was performed to study it more carefully. The scan produced detailed images of his body. Thus, King Tut remained an important subject of scientific investigation even after thousands of years. 

*** # ***

“Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world.”

— BB King

Lesson No 5 

THE LABURNUM TOP  

[Ted Hughes]

Textual Questions 

FIND OUT

Q. No. 1 What laburnum is called in your language.

 Ans: Laburnum is a poisonous tree . It bears yellow flowers. However, there is no word for this tree in our Kashmiri language. 

Q. No. 2 Which local bird is like the goldfinch.

Ans: Birds which sing melodiously like the goldfinch in India include the Asian Koel, the Bulbul, the House Sparrow, the Himalayan Cuckoo, the Swallow and so on.

THINK IT OUT 

Q.No 1 What do you notice about the beginning and the ending of the poem?  

Ans: The poem begins with the silence and stillness of the laburnum and ends with the same emptiness returning to the tree.  

Q. No. 2 To what is the bird’s movement compared? What is the basis for the comparison?  

Ans: The bird’s movement is compared to a lizard’s, as both are sleek, alert, and make quick, sudden movements when entering their nests.  

Q. No. 3 Why is the image of the engine evoked by the poet?  

Ans: The poet uses the image of an engine to show how the bird’s arrival brings the tree to life, just like an engine makes a machine come alive.  

Q. No. 4 What do you like most about the poem?  

Ans: I like the imagery in the poem. It beautifully describes the tree going from stillness to life and back again, with the bird’s chirping compared to an engine starting up.  

Q. No. 5 What does the phrase “her barred face identity mask” mean?  

Ans: The phrase refers to the bird’s face, which is covered in fur of different colors, resembling a mask and serving as its unique identity.

NOTE DOWN 

1. The sound words

Chirrup, machine starts up, chitterings, whistle-chirrup whisperings, trillings, engine, stokes it full, subsides to empty. 

2. The movement words

Seeds fallen, sleek as a lizard, enters the thickness, tremor of wings, tree trembles and thrills, flirts out to a branch-end, she launches away.

3. The dominant colour in the poem.

The Laburnum tree has yellowing leaves, sitting still in the afternoon yellow sunlight. The goldfinch, a bird full of yellow feathers flies on to its branches to sit and sing. The dominant colour in all the descriptions in the poem is yellow. 

   Theme of the poem , The Laburnum Top

The poem magnificently elucidates the complementary relationship in nature. It also displays the love, intelligence, and will to survive of birds. Though the seeds of the laburnum tree are poisonous, the tree itself provides a safe and secure shelter to the birds. Likewise, the birds drive the silence of the laburnum tree away with their chirping, thus speaking loudly for its existence in the pin-drop silence of its surroundings. In addition, the poem exhibits the love of a mother bird for her little ones. She has built a nest for her baby birds in the thickest, safest, and topmost section of the tree to protect them from harm. She fetches food for her little ones and feeds them with love. To conclude, the poem is a beautiful portrait of nature and the harmony among the elements of the natural world.

*** # ***

One loyal friend is worth ten thousand relatives.

_ Euripides

Lesson No 6

THE VOICE OF THE RAIN

[Walt Whitman]

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS 

Think it out 

1. There are two voices in the poem. Who do they belong to? Which lines indicate this?  

Ans: One voice belongs to the poet, and the other to the rain. This is shown in lines 1-2 (poet) and lines 3-9 (rain).

2. What does the phrase ‘strange to tell’ mean?  

Ans: It means something surprising—the rain answering the poet’s question.

3. There is a parallel drawn between rain and music. Which words indicate this? Explain the similarity between the two.  

Ans: Words like "Poem of Earth," "eternal I rise impalpable out of land and the bottomless sea," and "For song duly with love returns" show the parallel. Both rise from a source, fulfill their purpose, wander, and return to their origin with love.

4. How is the cyclic movement of rain brought out in the poem?  

Ans: Rain rises from the land and sea, changes form in the sky, falls to Earth to refresh it, and then returns to its origin. Science explains that water vapor rises, forms clouds, and returns to seas and oceans.

5. Why are the last two lines put within brackets?  

Ans: The last two lines comment on music’s cycle, different from the rain’s cycle but similar in content. They are in brackets to show a change in speakers.

6. List the pairs of opposites found in the poem.  

Ans: rise-descend; day-night; reck’d-unreck’d. 

*** # ***

The two most powerful warriors are patience and time.

– Leo Tolstoy

Lesson no 7

THE AILING PLANET: THE GREEN MOVEMENT’S ROLE

[Nani Palkhivala]

Textual Questions

A. Understanding the Text

1\. Locate the lines in the text that support the title “The Ailing Planet”.

Ans: The following lines from the text support the title “The Ailing Planet”:

“Are we to leave our successors a scorched planet of advancing deserts, impoverished landscapes, and ailing environment.”

“A study by the United Nations shows the environment is critically damaged in 88 countries.”

These lines show that our planet is suffering because of human activities. Forests are disappearing, deserts are expanding and natural resources are being wasted. Pollution and environmental damage are also increasing. The earth is becoming unhealthy like a sick person. Therefore, the title “The Ailing Planet” is suitable.

2\. What does the notice “The world’s most dangerous animals” at a cage in the zoo at Lusaka, Zambia, signify?

Ans: The notice “The world’s most dangerous animals” at a cage in the zoo at Lusaka, Zambia, signifies that human beings are the most dangerous creatures on earth. Usually, we consider wild animals dangerous, but humans are causing greater harm to nature. They are destroying forests, polluting rivers, killing wildlife and wasting natural resources. Their careless activities are damaging the environment and threatening life on earth. The notice gives us an important message that humans themselves are responsible for many environmental problems.

3\. How are the earth’s principal biological systems being depleted?

Ans: The earth’s principal biological systems are being depleted mainly because of human activities. These systems include fisheries, forests, grasslands and croplands. Overfishing is reducing the number of fish in oceans and rivers. Deforestation is destroying forests and the homes of wild animals. Overgrazing and poor farming methods are damaging grasslands. Similarly, excessive use of land and chemicals is reducing the fertility of agricultural fields. As a result, these natural systems are losing their ability to support life and provide food.

4\. Why does the author agree that the growth of world population is one of the strongest factors distorting the future of human society?

Ans: The author agrees because the rapid growth of the world population puts enormous pressure on natural resources. More people need more food, water, houses, schools and jobs. As a result, forests are cut down and land is used carelessly to meet these needs. Overpopulation also increases poverty, hunger, unemployment and pollution. It creates serious problems for future generations. If population growth is not controlled, people may face a shortage of basic necessities and a poor quality of life.

B. Talking About the Text

Discuss in groups of four:

1\. Laws are neither respected nor enforced in India.

Ans: I agree that many laws in India are neither properly respected nor strictly enforced. People often break traffic rules, throw waste in public places and damage the environment. Some people also discriminate against others on the basis of caste and social status. Child labour and other illegal activities still exist in many areas. Although the government has made laws to control these problems, their implementation is often weak. People must respect the laws and authorities must take strict action against those who break them.

2\. “Are we to leave our successors a scorched planet of advancing deserts, impoverished landscapes, and an ailing environment?”

Ans: I completely agree with this statement. We should not leave a damaged planet for future generations. Today, people are cutting down forests, polluting water and air and wasting natural resources. These activities are making the earth unhealthy. If we continue to behave carelessly, future generations will face water shortages, food problems and extreme environmental conditions. We must plant more trees, protect wildlife and use resources wisely. It is our responsibility to leave a clean, green and healthy planet for our children.

3\. “We have not inherited this earth from our forefathers; we have borrowed it from our children.”

Ans: This statement gives us a very important message about our responsibility towards future generations. The earth is not our personal property. We are only using it for a short time and must protect it for those who will come after us. Our forefathers left us natural resources and a beautiful environment. We should also pass on the same gifts to our children. We must avoid pollution, save water, protect forests and use natural resources carefully. In this way, future generations will also enjoy a healthy planet.

4\. The problems of overpopulation that directly affect our everyday life.

Ans: Overpopulation creates many problems that directly affect our everyday life. When the population increases rapidly, the demand for food, water, houses and other basic facilities also increases. It becomes difficult for everyone to get good education and employment. Hospitals, roads and public transport become overcrowded. It also leads to poverty, unemployment, pollution and a shortage of natural resources. In cities, people often face traffic jams and poor living conditions. Therefore, population growth must be managed to ensure a better and healthier life for everyone.

**#**

“Procrastination makes easy things hard and hard things harder.”

— Mason Cooley

Lesson no 8

CHILDHOOD

[Markus Natten]

Textual Questions

THINK IT OUT 

 1. Identify the stanza that talks of each of the following:  

Individuality, rationalism, hypocrisy  

Ans:  

Individuality: Third stanza  

Rationalism: First stanza  

Hypocrisy: Second stanza  

2. What according to the poem, is involved in the process of growing up?  

Ans: Growing up involves the loss of childhood, which brings new qualities like understanding, rational thinking, discrimination, individuality, and self-confidence.  

3. What are the poet’s feelings towards childhood?  

Ans: The poet sees childhood as important but views it as a time of make-believe. He doesn’t regret losing it, as it helped him understand reality better.  

4. Which, do you think are the most poetic lines? Why?  

Ans: The most poetic lines are:  

It went to some forgotten place  

That’s hidden in an infant’s face,  

That’s all I know.  

These lines capture growth and the loss of childhood beautifully, suggesting that childhood is hidden deep in a child’s innocent face.

*** # ***

"All our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them."

--Walt Disney

Lesson no 9

THE ADVENTURES

[Jayant Narlikar]

Textual Questions

Understanding the Text

Q. No. 1 Tick the statements that are true.

1] The story is an account of real events.

2] The story hinges on a particular historical event.

3] Rajendra Desphande was a historian.

4] The places mentioned in the story are all imaginary.

5] The story tries to relate history to Science.

Answers: True, True, True, False, True.

II] Briefly explain the following statements from the text.

1] “You neither travelled to the past nor the future. You were in the present experiencing a different world.”

Ans: In the story ‘The Adventure’, Rajendra explains that Professor Gaitonde did not travel to the past or the future. Instead, he experienced a different version of the present. In that world, the Marathas had won the Battle of Panipat in 1761. As a result, Indian history had developed differently. Rajendra explains that different versions of reality may exist at the same time. Professor Gaitonde had somehow entered one of these alternative worlds. Thus, he experienced a different present rather than travelling through time.

2] “You have passed through a fantastic experience: or more correctly, a catastrophic experience.”

Ans: In the story ‘The Adventure’, Rajendra uses the word ‘catastrophic’ to explain Professor Gaitonde’s strange experience. He connects it with the catastrophic theory of quantum physics. According to this theory, different possibilities or realities may exist at the same time. However, only one possibility becomes visible through observation. Professor Gaitonde experienced a different reality in which the Marathas had won the Battle of Panipat. Rajendra believes that his experience was caused by a shift from one reality to another. Therefore, he calls it a catastrophic experience.

3] Gangadharpant could not help comparing the country he knew with what he was witnessing around him.

Ans: Gangadharpant was surprised to see that the country around him was very different from the India he knew. In the alternative world, the Marathas had won the Battle of Panipat in 1761. This victory had completely changed the course of Indian history. The British had not established the same kind of rule in India. Therefore, the political and social conditions were also different. Gangadharpant kept comparing both versions of India to understand these changes. His experience made him realise that history could have developed differently under different circumstances.

4] “The lack of determinism in quantum theory!”

Ans: This statement refers to the idea of uncertainty in quantum theory. Professor Gaitonde uses it after Rajendra explains the scientific theory behind his unusual experience. According to quantum theory, everything does not always happen in a fixed and predictable way. Different possibilities may exist at the same time. An event or observation can lead to one particular outcome. Rajendra uses this idea to explain how Professor Gaitonde experienced an alternative version of history. Thus, the statement connects modern science with the strange events described in the story.

5] “You need some interaction to cause a transition.”

Ans: Rajendra explains that some kind of interaction is needed to bring about a change from one reality to another. In the story, Professor Gaitonde meets with an accident while travelling in a car. This accident seems to have disturbed his normal state of consciousness. As a result, he experienced an alternative version of the present in which the Marathas had won the Battle of Panipat. Rajendra connects this experience with the scientific idea of a transition between different realities. Thus, the accident may have caused Professor Gaitonde's unusual experience.

TALKING ABOUT THE TEXT

Discuss the following statements in groups of two pairs, each pair in a group taking opposite points of view:

(i) Compare “The Adventure” with “We Are Not Afraid to Die.”

Ans: Both ‘The Adventure’ and ‘We Are Not Afraid to Die’ deal with adventure but their themes are different. ‘We Are Not Afraid to Die’ is based on a real-life sea journey in which a family faces a dangerous storm. The characters struggle to survive and show great courage and determination. On the other hand, ‘The Adventure’ is a fictional story about an unusual journey into an alternative reality. It connects history with science and imagination. Thus, both stories are interesting but present adventure in different ways.

(ii) Why did Professor Gaitonde decide never to preside over meetings again?

Ans: Professor Gaitonde decided never to preside over meetings again because of his strange experience during the alternative reality. In that world, he attended a public meeting but the audience did not allow him to speak. They wanted to hear the speaker rather than a person presiding over the meeting. He was pushed off the stage and had an unpleasant experience. This incident made him realise that presiding over meetings was not always necessary. Therefore, he decided never to occupy the president's chair again.

Character sketch of Professor Gaitonde

Professor Gaitonde is an intellectual and reflective character, deeply involved in history and science. In ‘’The Adventure'', he experiences an alternate reality where the Marathas won the Battle of Panipat, which sparks his exploration of quantum theory and alternate realities. His curiosity leads him to understand the unpredictability of existence and how our perception shapes reality. Gaitonde’s journey challenges his views on history and consciousness. After his experience, he realizes that his role as a leader is influenced by the audience’s expectations rather than his own thoughts. This insight leads him to decide never to preside over meetings again, recognizing the power of individual perception and the subjective nature of reality. His character reflects a deep introspection about life and knowledge.

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There are no shortcuts to any place worth going.”

— Beverly Stills

Lesson 10

Silk Road

( Nick Middleton) 

Textual Questions

Understanding the Text

I] Give reasons for the following:

1] The article has been titled ‘Silk Road.’

Ans: The article is named after the historic Silk Road, which connected China with different parts of the world through trade. It was an important route used by traders to carry silk and other goods from one place to another. The author, Nick Middleton, travelled along a part of this historic route during his journey to Mount Kailash. He wanted to explore the region and experience its natural beauty and difficult conditions. Therefore, he gave his travel account the title ‘Silk Road’.

2] Tibetan mastiffs were popular in China’s imperial courts.

Ans: Tibetan mastiffs were popular in China’s imperial courts because of their huge size, strength and fearless nature. These dogs were known for attacking strangers with great speed and ferocity. Their loud barking and frightening appearance made them excellent guard dogs. They were also used for hunting and protecting people and their property. Their powerful bodies and brave behaviour made them different from ordinary dogs. Due to these qualities, Tibetan mastiffs became highly valued and were kept by members of China's imperial courts.

3] The author’s experience at Hor was in stark contrast to earlier accounts of the place.

Ans: The author had read beautiful accounts of Hor by earlier travellers who were deeply moved by the religious importance and natural beauty of Lake Manasarovar. However, his own experience was quite different. He found Hor to be a dusty, dirty and disappointing place. The town looked lifeless and offered very little comfort to visitors. He could hardly find anything interesting there. The only pleasant thing was the view of the sacred lake from a small café. Thus, his experience was completely different from earlier descriptions.

4] The author was disappointed with Darchen.

Ans: The author was disappointed with Darchen because the town did not match his expectations. He found it dusty, dirty and lifeless. He was also suffering from breathing problems due to the high altitude. Although he had travelled a long distance to reach the place, there were very few pilgrims around. He had expected to meet many people who would join him on the Kora. However, the town seemed almost empty. This made him feel lonely and disappointed. He thought that he had arrived there too early.

5] The author thought that his positive thinking strategy worked well after all.

Ans: The author was feeling lonely and disappointed in Darchen because he could not find anyone to accompany him on the Kora. He had decided to remain positive and hoped that things would improve. Fortunately, his positive thinking worked when he met Norbu in a café. Norbu was a Tibetan scholar working in Beijing. He was also planning to complete the Kora around Mount Kailash. Both of them had a common purpose and decided to travel together. This meeting gave the author new hope and made him feel that his journey would become easier.

II] Briefly Comment on:

1] The purpose of the author’s journey to Mount Kailash.

Ans: Nick Middleton travelled to Mount Kailash to explore the historic Silk Road and experience the difficult conditions of the Tibetan region. He was also interested in seeing the beautiful landscapes and learning about the local culture. His main purpose was to complete the Kora, which is a religious journey around Mount Kailash. This journey is considered sacred by Buddhists and Hindus. The author wanted to experience this challenging pilgrimage himself. He was prepared to face physical difficulties and enjoy the adventure of travelling through this remote region.

2] The author’s physical condition in Darchen.

Ans: The author was not in good physical condition when he reached Darchen. He was suffering from breathing problems because of the high altitude. His nose was blocked and he found it difficult to breathe comfortably. The thin air also made him feel weak and uncomfortable. He was worried about his health and decided to consult a doctor. The doctor examined him and gave him some medicines. Fortunately, his condition improved after taking the medicines. This helped him feel better and continue preparing for the Kora around Mount Kailash.

3] The author’s meeting with Norbu.

Ans: The author's meeting with Norbu was an important moment during his stay in Darchen. He was feeling lonely and disappointed because he could not find anyone to accompany him on the Kora. One day, he met Norbu in a café. Norbu was a Tibetan scholar working in Beijing. He was also interested in completing the Kora around Mount Kailash. Although he was not physically fit for such a difficult journey, he was enthusiastic about it. They soon became friendly and decided to travel together. This meeting gave the author new hope.

4] Tsetan’s support to the author during the journey.

Ans: Tsetan played an important role in helping the author during his journey to Mount Kailash. He was an experienced driver who knew the difficult roads and conditions of Tibet. He drove carefully through the dangerous mountain routes and made sure that the author remained safe. When the author suffered from breathing problems, Tsetan took him to a doctor for medical help. He also remained calm and encouraged the author during difficult moments. His friendly nature and sense of humour made the journey more comfortable. He proved to be a helpful and trustworthy companion.

5] “As a Buddhist, he told me, he knew that it didn’t really matter if I passed away, but he thought it would be bad for business.”

Ans: These words show Tsetan's religious beliefs and his sense of humour. As a Buddhist, he believed in rebirth and did not consider death the end of life. Therefore, he jokingly said that it would not matter much if the author died. However, he added that such an incident would be bad for his business. He was indirectly expressing his concern for the author's safety. His words also show that he was a practical person who could use humour even in a serious situation.

Talking About the Text

Discuss in groups of four.

1] The sensitive behaviour of hill-folk.

Ans: Hill-folk are generally simple, humble and kind-hearted people. They live a peaceful life in the mountains and remain closely connected with nature. They are usually helpful and welcoming towards strangers and visitors. They understand the difficulties of living in remote areas and often help people who are in trouble. Their lifestyle is simple and they are not much attracted to the comforts of modern cities. They respect their traditions and local culture. Their friendly nature, honesty and willingness to help others make them sensitive and caring human beings.

2] The reasons why people willingly undergo the travails of difficult journeys.

Ans: People willingly undertake difficult journeys for different reasons. Some travel because they love adventure and want to explore unknown places. Others wish to test their physical and mental strength by facing difficult situations. Explorers like Nick Middleton and Bear Grylls enjoy taking risks and overcoming challenges. Such journeys give them excitement, confidence and valuable life experiences. Some people also travel for religious reasons because they want to visit sacred places. For others, travelling is a profession and a source of income. Thus, personal interest, adventure, faith and curiosity encourage people to undertake difficult journeys.

3] The accounts of exotic places in legends and reality.

Ans: Exotic places like Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar have great importance in religious stories and legends. They are considered sacred by different communities and are often described as places of peace and spiritual power. Such descriptions create beautiful images in people's minds. However, the reality can sometimes be quite different. These places may have difficult weather conditions, poor roads and limited facilities. Visitors may also face physical problems because of high altitudes. Still, their natural beauty and religious importance make them special. Thus, legends create expectations while actual experiences show both the beauty and difficulties of these places. 

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“Genius is 10% inspiration, 90% perspiration.”

_Thomas Edison 

Lesson 11

FATHER TO SON

[Elizabeth Jennings]

Textual Questions

THINK IT OUT 

1. Does the poem talk of an exclusively personal experience or is it fairly universal?  

Ans: The poem begins with a personal experience of a father-son relationship but evolves into a universal theme of the generation gap. It also reflects the relationship between God and humans.  

2. How is the father’s helplessness brought out in the poem?  

Ans: The father feels helpless due to the lack of connection with his son. They live like strangers, with no communication, and the father can’t share his son’s interests.  

4.Identify the phrases and lines that indicate distance between father and son.  

Ans: The phrases/lines are:  

- “I don’t understand this child.”  

- “I know nothing of him.”  

- “We speak like strangers.”  

- “..What he loves I cannot share.”  

- “Silence surrounds us.”  

- “…see him make and move His world.”  

5. Does the poem have a consistent rhyme scheme?  

Ans: No, it doesn’t. The first two stanzas follow abba ba, the third abc aba, and the fourth abbcb.  

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“Success is walking from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm.”

--Winston Churchill

Snapshots 

Lesson No 1 

THE SUMMER OF THE BEAUTIFUL WHITE HORSE

[ William Saroyan ] 

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS

Reading With Insight

1\. You will probably agree that this story does not have breathless adventure and exciting action. Then what in your opinion makes it interesting?

Ans: The story is interesting because it presents the world through the innocent eyes of two young boys. It shows how children find excitement and happiness in small things. Mourad and Aram's adventure with the stolen horse makes the story enjoyable. Their love for horses and their unusual behaviour keep the readers interested. The story also highlights child psychology, family values and the importance of honesty. The writer has presented the characters in a simple and humorous way. This makes the story interesting even without much action or suspense.

2\. Did the boys return the horse because they were conscience-stricken or because they were afraid?

Ans: The boys did not return the horse because they were afraid of being caught or punished. They also did not feel completely guilty about taking it because they believed that they were only enjoying a horse ride. Both boys loved horses and could not resist the temptation. However, they belonged to the Garoghlanian family, which was famous for its honesty and strong moral values. When John Byro praised their family's honesty, they realised that keeping the horse could damage their family's good name. Therefore, they decided to return it.

3\. “One day back there in the good old days when I was nine and the world was full of every imaginable kind of magnificence, and life was still a delightful and mysterious dream……..”. The story begins in a mood of nostalgia. Can you narrate some incident from your childhood that might make an interesting story?

Ans: I still remember an exciting incident from my childhood when I visited my uncle, who worked as a forest ranger in Dehradun. One day, my cousin and I decided to explore a nearby forest without informing anyone. We were excited to see the trees and wild animals. Suddenly, we came across a lioness. We became frightened and started looking for a safe place. We somehow managed to use fire and smoke signals to attract attention. Fortunately, some forest workers noticed us and rescued us. It remains one of the most unforgettable experiences of my childhood.

4\. The story revolves around characters who belong to a tribe in Armenia. Mourad and Aram are members of the Garoghlanian family. Now locate Armenia and Assyria on the atlas and prepare a write-up on the Garoghlanian tribes. You may write about people, their names, traits, geographical and economic features as suggested in the story.

Ans: The Garoghlanian family was an Armenian family known for its honesty, kindness and strong moral values. Although the family had become poor, its members were proud of their traditions and good reputation. They believed that stealing was against their family honour. The family belonged to the Armenian community, which had its roots in the mountainous region of Armenia. The people were simple and had a close connection with village life and farming. Names like Mourad and Aram reflect the cultural background of the characters. Their love for animals and strong family values are also important features of the story.

Character Sketch of Murad

Murad is an adventurous and bold character, full of charm and daring. He embodies the free-spirited nature of youth, driven by a sense of excitement rather than morality. Although he steals the horse, he does so out of his love for horses, not out of malice. His confidence and persuasive nature allow him to convince his cousin Aram to join him in the adventure. Despite his reckless actions, Murad holds a deep sense of pride in his family’s Honor, which eventually motivates him to return the horse. His carefree attitude and strong belief in family values make him an intriguing and complex character.

Character Sketch of Aram

Aram, in contrast to his cousin Murad, is more thoughtful and sensitive. As a young boy, he is curious and eager to experience the world around him, but he is also guided by a strong sense of right and wrong. Aram’s moral compass makes him hesitate at first when Murad steals the horse, but his admiration for his cousin leads him to follow along. Aram is deeply influenced by the Garoghlanian family’s values, particularly their honesty. His ultimate decision to return the horse reflects his internal conflict and the importance he places on family honour, showing his growth and maturity throughout the story.

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If people are not laughing at your goals, your goals are too small.

_ Azim Premji

Lesson No 2 

THE ADDRESS

[Marga Minco]

Textual Questions

1\. ‘Have you come back?’ said the woman, ‘I thought that no one had come back.’ Does this statement give some clue about the story? If yes, what is it?

Ans: Yes, this statement gives an important clue about the story. It shows that Mrs Dorling was not expecting anyone to return after the war. She had taken Mrs S’s valuable belongings and kept them in her own house. She probably thought that the family members had died during the war and nobody would come to claim those things. When the narrator returned, Mrs Dorling became uncomfortable and tried to avoid her. She even refused to recognise her. This shows her greed and dishonest behaviour.

2\. The story is divided into pre-war and post-war times. What hardships do you think the girl underwent during these times?

Ans: During the war, the narrator faced many difficulties and lived in constant fear. She had to stay in a small room with blackout windows to protect herself from enemy attacks. She also suffered the pain of separation from her family and the loss of her mother. After the war, life slowly returned to normal but her emotional suffering continued. When she visited Mrs Dorling to recover her mother's belongings, she was treated rudely. This experience made her realise that war had taken away much more than her family's possessions.

3\. Why did the narrator of the story want to forget the address?

Ans: The narrator wanted to forget the address because her visit to Mrs Dorling's house brought back painful memories of the past. She saw her mother's belongings arranged in an unfamiliar and unpleasant way. The things that once made her home beautiful now looked strange and meaningless. She also felt uncomfortable because Mrs Dorling had behaved rudely and refused to welcome her. The narrator realised that those objects could never bring back her mother or her happy family life. Therefore, she decided to forget the address and move forward.

4\. ‘The Address’ is a story of human predicament that follows war. Comment.

Ans: ‘The Address’ presents the physical and emotional suffering that people face after a war. The narrator loses her mother and her peaceful family life. She also has to live with painful memories of the past. Mrs Dorling takes advantage of the family's difficult situation and keeps their valuable belongings. After the war, the narrator tries to recover those things but finds no happiness in them. They only remind her of her lost family and home. The story shows how war destroys relationships, creates selfishness and leaves people with deep emotional wounds.

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The most important investment you can make is in yourself.

–Warren Buffett

Lesson No 3

MOTHER’S DAY

[ J B Priestley]

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS

1\. This play, written in the 1950s, is a humorous and satirical depiction of the status of the mother in the family. (I) What are the issues it raises? (II) Do you think it caricatures these issues, or do you think that the problems it raises are genuine? How does the play resolve the issues? Do you agree with the resolution?

Ans (I): The play highlights the unfair treatment of housewives and the lack of respect they receive from their family members. It shows how Mrs Pearson works hard throughout the day but nobody appreciates her efforts. Her husband and children take her love and care for granted. They expect her to do all the household work while they enjoy their lives. The play also raises issues like gender inequality, selfishness and the lack of understanding within families. It reminds us that mothers also need love, respect and rest.

Ans (II): The problems raised in the play are genuine, although the writer presents them in a humorous way. Many mothers still face similar situations in their homes. The play uses magic and a personality swap between Mrs Pearson and Mrs Fitzgerald to solve the problem. Mrs Pearson becomes bold and starts treating her family differently. This makes her husband and children realise their mistakes. They begin to understand her importance and promise to behave better. I agree with the message of the resolution, although the magical solution is not realistic.

2\. If you were to write these issues today, what are some of the incidents, examples, and problems that you would think of as relevant?

Ans: If I were to write about these issues today, I would include several problems faced by women in modern society. Gender inequality is still common in many workplaces and homes. Women often receive lower wages and fewer opportunities than men. Many also face domestic violence, workplace harassment and unequal treatment. In some families, women are expected to manage household responsibilities even when they have jobs outside. Their safety and freedom are also major concerns. I would highlight these problems and show the need for equal rights, respect and opportunities for women.

3\. Is drama a good medium for conveying a social message? Discuss.

Ans: Yes, drama is a very good medium for conveying social messages. It presents real-life problems through interesting characters and situations. People can easily understand a message when they see it being acted out on a stage. Drama also uses humour, emotions and dialogue to attract the attention of the audience. It can create awareness about important issues like gender inequality, corruption, pollution, poverty and domestic violence. Sometimes, a play makes people think about their own behaviour. In this way, drama entertains people while also educating them.

4\. [Performance Question]

5\. Discuss in groups plays or films with a strong message of social reform that you have watched.

Ans: A good example of a film with a strong message of social reform is ‘Swades’. The film tells the story of an Indian scientist who works abroad but returns to his village in India. He finds that the people are living without proper electricity and other basic facilities. He decides to use his knowledge to improve their lives. He helps the villagers generate electricity and become self-reliant. The film highlights the importance of education, science and community effort. It teaches us that educated people should contribute to the development of society.

6\. Mother's Day by J.P. Priestley is a satire laced with humour. Discuss.

Ans: ‘Mother's Day’ by J.P. Priestley is a humorous play that exposes the unfair treatment of mothers in many families. It shows how Mrs Pearson works hard for her husband and children but receives little respect or appreciation in return. Her family members take her love and care for granted. The writer uses humour and a magical personality swap to bring about a change in the family. Mrs Pearson becomes confident and teaches her family a lesson. The play makes us laugh while reminding us that mothers deserve love, respect and equal treatment. 

Character sketch of Mrs. Pearson

Mrs. Pearson, the central character in J.P. Priestley’s ‘’Mother’s Day'', is a hardworking and selfless housewife who is often overlooked and undervalued by her family. Despite her tireless efforts to manage the household and care for her family, she is treated as an unpaid servant, with no appreciation or recognition from her husband or children. Her excessive love and willingness to serve have led to a spoiled and selfish family. Initially, Mrs. Pearson’s meekness reflects the typical role of women in society during the time, but when she magically switches personalities with her more assertive neighbor, Mrs. Fitzgerald, she gains the confidence to confront her family. Through this transformation, she demands respect and fairness, showing the importance of self-assertion and the need for gender equality within the family.

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Out of suffering have emerged the strongest souls; the most massive characters are seared with scars.

_ Kahlil Gibran 

Lesson No 4

BIRTH 

[A J Cronin]

Textual Questions

Q. No. 1: “I have done something; oh, God! I’ve done something real at last.” Why does Andrew say this? What does it mean?

Ans: Andrew says these words after successfully saving a mother and her stillborn child. At first, the baby showed no signs of life. Andrew did not lose hope and tried different medical methods to revive it. He used hot and cold water and artificial respiration. After his continuous efforts, the baby finally started breathing and cried. Andrew felt extremely happy and satisfied. He realised that he had achieved something meaningful by saving two lives. It was a proud and unforgettable moment for him.

Q. No. 2: There lies a great difference between textbook medicine and the world of a practicing physician. Discuss.

Ans: There is a great difference between textbook medicine and the practical world of a doctor. Textbooks provide medical knowledge and explain different treatments and procedures. However, real-life situations are often difficult and unpredictable. A practicing doctor has to deal with emergencies, make quick decisions and use personal experience. Sometimes, there is no time to follow textbook instructions. A doctor must remain calm and take immediate action to save lives. Andrew's experience shows that practical knowledge, presence of mind and experience are equally important in medical practice.

Q. No. 3: Do you know of any incident when someone has been brought back to life from the brink of death through medical help? Discuss medical procedures such as organ transplant and organ regeneration that are used to save human life.

Ans: Yes, there have been many incidents in which people have been saved from the brink of death through medical help. Doctors use procedures like CPR, emergency surgery and organ transplants to save lives. In an organ transplant, a damaged organ is replaced with a healthy organ donated by another person. Common examples include kidney, liver and heart transplants. Organ regeneration is another developing field of medicine. It uses special cells and tissues to repair damaged organs. These medical advances give hope to patients and help save many lives.

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Don’t grieve. Anything you lose comes round in another form.

—Rumi 

Lesson No 5

The Tale Of Melon City 

[Vikram Seth]

Textual Questions

Q. No. 1 Narrate ‘The Tale of Melon City’ in your own words.

Ans: ‘The Tale of Melon City’ is a humorous poem about a foolish king and his strange way of ruling. One day, the king ordered an arch to be built across the main road. When he passed under it, the arch hit his head and knocked off his crown. He became angry and ordered the builder to be hanged. The blame was passed from one person to another. Finally, the king himself was hanged. Later, a melon was chosen as the new king and everyone accepted it.

Q. No. 2 What impression would you form of a state where the king was ‘just and placid’?

Ans: A state ruled by a ‘just and placid’ king may appear peaceful but the poem presents a different picture. The king seems foolish and lacks wisdom. He makes decisions without thinking and punishes innocent people. His subjects also appear careless and indifferent towards their ruler. They are more interested in their freedom and daily activities than in who becomes their king. They even accept a melon as their new ruler. This shows that the state has a strange system of government where people value peace over leadership.

Q. No. 3 How, according to you, can peace and liberty be maintained in a state?

Ans: Peace and liberty can be maintained through good governance, wise leadership and fair laws. A ruler should respect the rights and freedom of all citizens. People should also understand their duties and responsibilities. The government must treat everyone equally and avoid discrimination based on religion, caste or social background. Justice should be provided without favouritism. People should be free to express their views and live with dignity. Mutual respect, tolerance and cooperation among citizens are also necessary. In this way, peace and liberty can be maintained.

Q. No. 4 Suggest a few instances in the poem which highlight humour and irony.

Ans: The poem is full of humour and irony. The first funny incident occurs when the king's own arch knocks off his crown. Instead of accepting his mistake, he blames the builder. The blame then passes from one person to another. The architect even blames the king himself. Another humorous incident occurs when the wise man suggests that the arch should be hanged. The greatest irony is that the king himself is hanged under his own order. Finally, a melon becomes the king, making the whole situation absurd and funny.

Q.. No. 5 [ Performance Question] 

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"I may disagree with what you have to say, but I shall defend, to the death, your right to say it." 

–Voltaire